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<art>
   <ui>1687-1812-2011-697248</ui>
   <ji>1687-1812</ji>
   <fm>
      <dochead>Research Article</dochead>
      <bibl>
         <title>
            <p>An Implicit Extragradient Method for Hierarchical Variational Inequalities</p>
         </title>
         <aug>
            <au id="A1" ca="yes"><snm>Yao</snm><fnm>Yonghong</fnm><insr iid="I1"/><email>yaoyonghong@yahoo.cn</email></au>
            <au id="A2"><snm>Liou</snm><fnm>YeongCheng</fnm><insr iid="I2"/><email>simplex_liou@hotmail.com</email></au>
         </aug>
         <insg>
            <ins id="I1"><p>Department of Mathematics, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300160, China</p></ins>
            <ins id="I2"><p>Department of Information Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan</p></ins>
         </insg>
         <source>Fixed Point Theory and Applications</source>
         <issn>1687-1812</issn>
         <pubdate>2011</pubdate>
         <volume>2011</volume>
         <issue>1</issue>
         <fpage>697248</fpage>
         <url>http://www.fixedpointtheoryandapplications.com/content/2011/1/697248</url>
         <xrefbib><pubid idtype="doi">10.1155/2011/697248</pubid></xrefbib>
      </bibl>
      <history><rec><date><day>20</day><month>9</month><year>2010</year></date></rec><acc><date><day>7</day><month>11</month><year>2010</year></date></acc><pub><date><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2010</year></date></pub></history>
      <cpyrt><year>2011</year><collab>Yonghong Yao and Yeong Cheng Liou.</collab><note>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</note></cpyrt>
      <abs>
         <sec>
            <st>
               <p/>
            </st>
            <p>As a well-known numerical method, the extragradient method solves numerically the variational inequality <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i1.gif"/></inline-formula> of finding <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i2.gif"/></inline-formula> such that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i3.gif"/></inline-formula>, for all <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i4.gif"/></inline-formula>. In this paper, we devote to solve the following hierarchical variational inequality <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i5.gif"/></inline-formula> Find <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i6.gif"/></inline-formula> such that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i7.gif"/></inline-formula>, for all <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i8.gif"/></inline-formula>. We first suggest and analyze an implicit extragradient method for solving the hierarchical variational inequality <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i9.gif"/></inline-formula>. It is shown that the net defined by the suggested implicit extragradient method converges strongly to the unique solution of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i10.gif"/></inline-formula> in Hilbert spaces. As a special case, we obtain the minimum norm solution of the variational inequality <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i11.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         </sec>
      </abs>
   </fm>
   <meta><classifications><classification id="EPFPT" subtype="theme_series_title" type="BMC">Equilibrium Problems and Fixed Point Theory</classification><classification id="EPFPT" subtype="theme_series_editor" type="BMC"/></classifications></meta><bdy>
      <sec>
         <st>
            <p>1. Introduction</p>
         </st>
         <p>The variational inequality problem is to find <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i12.gif"/></inline-formula> such that </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M11">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i13.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>The set of solutions of the variational inequality problem is denoted by <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i14.gif"/></inline-formula>. It is well known that the variational inequality theory has emerged as an important tool in studying a wide class of obstacle, unilateral, and equilibrium problems; which arise in several branches of pure and applied sciences in a unified and general framework. Several numerical methods have been developed for solving variational inequalities and related optimization problems, see [<abbr bid="B1">1</abbr>&#8211;<abbr bid="B24">24</abbr>] and the references therein. In particular, Korpelevich's extragradient method which was introduced by Korpelevi&#269; [<abbr bid="B4">4</abbr>] in 1976 generates a sequence <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i15.gif"/></inline-formula> via the recursion </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M12">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i16.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>where <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i17.gif"/></inline-formula> is the metric projection from <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i18.gif"/></inline-formula> onto <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i19.gif"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i20.gif"/></inline-formula> is a monotone operator, and <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i21.gif"/></inline-formula> is a constant. Korpelevich [<abbr bid="B4">4</abbr>] proved that the sequence <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i22.gif"/></inline-formula> converges strongly to a solution of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i23.gif"/></inline-formula>. Note that the setting of the space is Euclid space <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i24.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p>Recently, hierarchical fixed point problems and hierarchical minimization problems have attracted many authors' attention due to their link with some convex programming problems. See [<abbr bid="B25">25</abbr>&#8211;<abbr bid="B32">32</abbr>]. Motivated and inspired by these results in the literature, in this paper we are devoted to solve the following hierarchical variational inequality <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i25.gif"/></inline-formula>: </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M13">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i26.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>For this purpose, in this paper, we first suggest and analyze an implicit extragradient method. It is shown that the net defined by this implicit extragradient method converges strongly to the unique solution of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i27.gif"/></inline-formula> in Hilbert spaces. As a special case, we obtain the minimum norm solution of the variational inequality <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i28.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <st>
            <p>2. Preliminaries</p>
         </st>
         <p>Let <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i29.gif"/></inline-formula> be a real Hilbert space with inner product <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i30.gif"/></inline-formula> and norm <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i31.gif"/></inline-formula>, and let <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i32.gif"/></inline-formula> be a closed convex subset of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i33.gif"/></inline-formula>. Recall that a mapping <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i34.gif"/></inline-formula> is called <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i35.gif"/></inline-formula>-inverse strongly monotone if there exists a positive real number <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i36.gif"/></inline-formula> such that </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M21">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i37.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>A mapping <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i38.gif"/></inline-formula> is said to be <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i39.gif"/></inline-formula>-contraction if there exists a constant <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i40.gif"/></inline-formula> such that </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M22">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i41.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>It is well known that, for any <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i42.gif"/></inline-formula>, there exists a unique <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i43.gif"/></inline-formula> such that </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M23">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i44.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>We denote <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i45.gif"/></inline-formula> by <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i46.gif"/></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i47.gif"/></inline-formula> is called the <it>metric projection</it> of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i48.gif"/></inline-formula> onto <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i49.gif"/></inline-formula>. The metric projection <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i50.gif"/></inline-formula> of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i51.gif"/></inline-formula> onto <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i52.gif"/></inline-formula> has the following basic properties:</p>
         <p indent="1">(i)<inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i53.gif"/></inline-formula> for all <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i54.gif"/></inline-formula>;</p>
         <p/>
         <p indent="1">(ii)<inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i55.gif"/></inline-formula> for every <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i56.gif"/></inline-formula>;</p>
         <p/>
         <p indent="1">(iii)<inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i57.gif"/></inline-formula> for all <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i58.gif"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i59.gif"/></inline-formula>;</p>
         <p/>
         <p indent="1">(iv)<inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i60.gif"/></inline-formula> for all <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i61.gif"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i62.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p/>
         <p>Such properties of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i63.gif"/></inline-formula> will be crucial in the proof of our main results. Let <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i64.gif"/></inline-formula> be a monotone mapping of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i65.gif"/></inline-formula> into <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i66.gif"/></inline-formula>. In the context of the variational inequality problem, it is easy to see from property (iii) that </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M24">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i67.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>We need the following lemmas for proving our main result.</p>
         <p>Lemma 2.1 (see [<abbr bid="B13">13</abbr>]). </p>
         <p>Let <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i68.gif"/></inline-formula> be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i69.gif"/></inline-formula>. Let the mapping <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i70.gif"/></inline-formula> be <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i71.gif"/></inline-formula>-inverse strongly monotone, and let <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i72.gif"/></inline-formula> be a constant. Then, one has </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M25">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i73.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>In particular, if <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i74.gif"/></inline-formula>, then <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i75.gif"/></inline-formula> is nonexpansive.</p>
         <p>Lemma 2.2 (see [<abbr bid="B32">32</abbr>]). </p>
         <p>Let <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i76.gif"/></inline-formula> be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i77.gif"/></inline-formula>. Assume that the mapping <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i78.gif"/></inline-formula> is monotone and weakly continuous along segments, that is, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i79.gif"/></inline-formula> weakly as <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i80.gif"/></inline-formula>. Then, the variational inequality </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M26">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i81.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>is equivalent to the dual variational inequality </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M27">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i82.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p/>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <st>
            <p>3. Main Result</p>
         </st>
         <p>In this section, we will introduce our implicit extragradient algorithm and show its strong convergence to the unique solution of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i83.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p>Algorithm 1. </p>
         <p>
            <it>Let</it>
            <inline-formula>
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i84.gif"/>
            </inline-formula>
            <it>be a closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space</it>
            <inline-formula>
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i85.gif"/>
            </inline-formula>
            <it>. Let</it>
            <inline-formula>
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i86.gif"/>
            </inline-formula>
            <it>be an</it>
            <inline-formula>
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i87.gif"/>
            </inline-formula>
            <it>-inverse strongly monotone mapping. Let</it>
            <inline-formula>
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i88.gif"/>
            </inline-formula>
            <it>be a (nonself) contraction with coefficient</it>
            <inline-formula>
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i89.gif"/>
            </inline-formula>
            <it>. For any</it>
            <inline-formula>
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i90.gif"/>
            </inline-formula>
            <it>, define a net</it>
            <inline-formula>
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i91.gif"/>
            </inline-formula>
            <it>as follows:</it>
         </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M31">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i92.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>where <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i93.gif"/></inline-formula> is a constant. </p>
         <p>Note the fact that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i94.gif"/></inline-formula> is a possible nonself mapping. Hence, if we take <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i95.gif"/></inline-formula>, then (3.1) reduces to </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M32">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i96.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p/>
         <p>Remark 3.1. </p>
         <p>We notice that the net <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i97.gif"/></inline-formula> defined by (3.1) is well defined. In fact, we can define a self-mapping <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i98.gif"/></inline-formula> as follows: </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M33">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i99.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p/>
         <p>From Lemma 2.1, we know that if <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i100.gif"/></inline-formula>, the mapping <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i101.gif"/></inline-formula> is nonexpansive.</p>
         <p>For any <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i102.gif"/></inline-formula>, we have </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M34">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i103.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>This shows that the mapping <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i104.gif"/></inline-formula> is a contraction. By Banach contractive mapping principle, we immediately deduce that the net (3.1) is well defined.</p>
         <p>Theorem 3.2. </p>
         <p>Suppose the solution set <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i105.gif"/></inline-formula> of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i106.gif"/></inline-formula> is nonempty. Then the net <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i107.gif"/></inline-formula> generated by the implicit extragradient method (3.1) converges in norm, as <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i108.gif"/></inline-formula>, to the unique solution <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i109.gif"/></inline-formula> of the hierarchical variational inequality <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i110.gif"/></inline-formula>. In particular, if one takes that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i111.gif"/></inline-formula>, then the net <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i112.gif"/></inline-formula> defined by (3.2) converges in norm, as <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i113.gif"/></inline-formula>, to the minimum-norm solution of the variational inequality <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i114.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p>Proof. </p>
         <p>Take that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i115.gif"/></inline-formula>. Since <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i116.gif"/></inline-formula>, using the relation (2.4), we have <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i117.gif"/></inline-formula>. In particular, if we take <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i118.gif"/></inline-formula>, we obtain </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M35">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i119.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>From (3.1), we have </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M36">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i120.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Noting that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i121.gif"/></inline-formula> is nonexpansive, thus, </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M37">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i122.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>That is, </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M38">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i123.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Therefore, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i124.gif"/></inline-formula> is bounded and so are <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i125.gif"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i126.gif"/></inline-formula>. Since <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i127.gif"/></inline-formula> is <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i128.gif"/></inline-formula>-inverse strongly monotone, it is <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i129.gif"/></inline-formula>-Lipschitz continuous. Consequently, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i130.gif"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i131.gif"/></inline-formula> are also bounded.</p>
         <p>From (3.6),(2.5), and the convexity of the norm, we deduce </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M39">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i132.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Therefore, we have </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M310">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i133.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Hence </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M311">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i134.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>By the property (ii) of the metric projection <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i135.gif"/></inline-formula>, we have </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M312">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i136.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>where <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i137.gif"/></inline-formula> is some appropriate constant. It follows that </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M313">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i138.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>and hence (by (3.7)) </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M314">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i139.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>which implies that </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M315">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i140.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Since <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i141.gif"/></inline-formula>, we derive </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M316">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i142.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Next, we show that the net <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i143.gif"/></inline-formula> is relatively norm-compact as <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i144.gif"/></inline-formula>. Assume that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i145.gif"/></inline-formula> is such that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i146.gif"/></inline-formula> as <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i147.gif"/></inline-formula>. Put <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i148.gif"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i149.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p>By the property (ii) of metric projection <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i150.gif"/></inline-formula>, we have </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M317">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i151.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Hence </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M318">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i152.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Therefore, </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M319">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i153.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>In particular, </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M320">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i154.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Since <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i155.gif"/></inline-formula> is bounded, without loss of generality, we may assume that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i156.gif"/></inline-formula> converges weakly to a point <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i157.gif"/></inline-formula>. Since <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i158.gif"/></inline-formula>, we have <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i159.gif"/></inline-formula>. Hence, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i160.gif"/></inline-formula> also converges weakly to the same point <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i161.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p>Next we show that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i162.gif"/></inline-formula>. We define a mapping <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i163.gif"/></inline-formula> by </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M321">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i164.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Then <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i165.gif"/></inline-formula> is maximal monotone (see [<abbr bid="B33">33</abbr>]). Let <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i166.gif"/></inline-formula>. Since <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i167.gif"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i168.gif"/></inline-formula>, we have <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i169.gif"/></inline-formula>. On the other hand, from <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i170.gif"/></inline-formula>, we have </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M322">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i171.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>that is, </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M323">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i172.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Therefore, we have </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M324">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i173.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Noting that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i174.gif"/></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i175.gif"/></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i176.gif"/></inline-formula> is Lipschitz continuous, we obtain <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i177.gif"/></inline-formula>. Since <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i178.gif"/></inline-formula> is maximal monotone, we have <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i179.gif"/></inline-formula> and hence <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i180.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p>Therefore we can substitute <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i181.gif"/></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i182.gif"/></inline-formula> in (3.20) to get </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M325">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i183.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Consequently, the weak convergence of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i184.gif"/></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i185.gif"/></inline-formula> to <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i186.gif"/></inline-formula> actually implies that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i187.gif"/></inline-formula> strongly. This has proved the relative norm-compactness of the net <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i188.gif"/></inline-formula> as <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i189.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p>Now we return to (3.20) and take the limit as <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i190.gif"/></inline-formula> to get </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M326">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i191.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>In particular, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i192.gif"/></inline-formula> solves the following VI </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M327">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i193.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>or the equivalent dual VI (see Lemma 2.2) </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M328">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i194.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Therefore, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i195.gif"/></inline-formula>. That is, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i196.gif"/></inline-formula> is the unique solution in <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i197.gif"/></inline-formula> of the contraction <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i198.gif"/></inline-formula>. Clearly this is sufficient to conclude that the entire net <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i199.gif"/></inline-formula> converges in norm to <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i200.gif"/></inline-formula> as <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i201.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
         <p>Finally, if we take that <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i202.gif"/></inline-formula>, then VI (3.28) is reduced to </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M329">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i203.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Equivalently, </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M330">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i204.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>This clearly implies that </p>
         <p>
            <display-formula id="M331">
               <graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i205.gif"/>
            </display-formula>
         </p>
         <p>Therefore, <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i206.gif"/></inline-formula> is the minimum-norm solution of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i207.gif"/></inline-formula>.This completes the proof.</p>
         <p>Remark 3.3. </p>
         <p>(1) Note that our Implicit Extragradient Algorithms (3.1) and (3.2) have strong convergence in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space.</p>
         <p>(2) In many problems, it is needed to find a solution with minimum norm; see [<abbr bid="B34">34</abbr>&#8211;<abbr bid="B38">38</abbr>]. Our Algorithm (3.2) solves the minimum norm solution of <inline-formula><graphic file="1687-1812-2011-697248-i208.gif"/></inline-formula>.</p>
      </sec>
   </bdy>
   <bm>
      <ack>
         <sec>
            <st>
               <p>Acknowledgments</p>
            </st>
            <p>The authors thank the referees for their comments and suggestions which improved the presentation of this paper. The first author was supported in part by Colleges and Universities, Science and Technology Development Foundation (20091003) of Tianjin and NSFC 11071279. The second author was supported in part by NSC 99-2221-E-230-006</p>
         </sec>
      </ack>
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