Research

# Fixed point of Suzuki-Zamfirescu hybrid contractions in partial metric spaces via partial Hausdorff metric

M Abbas1 and Basit Ali12*

Author Affiliations

1 Department of Mathematics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan

2 Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, C-II, Johar Town, Lahore, Pakistan

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Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2013, 2013:21  doi:10.1186/1687-1812-2013-21

 Received: 9 October 2012 Accepted: 12 January 2013 Published: 31 January 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

Coincidence point theorems for hybrid pairs of single-valued and multi-valued mappings on an arbitrary non-empty set with values in a partial metric space using a partial Hausdorff metric have been proved. As an application of our main result, the existence and uniqueness of common and bounded solutions of functional equations arising in dynamic programming are discussed.

MSC: 47H10, 54H25, 54E50.

##### Keywords:
coincidence point; orbitally complete; common fixed point; partial metric space

### 1 Introduction and preliminaries

Fixed point theory plays a fundamental role in solving functional equations [1] arising in several areas of mathematics and other related disciplines as well. The Banach contraction principle is a key principle that made a remarkable progress towards the development of metric fixed point theory. Markin [2] and Nadler [3] proved a multi-valued version of the Banach contraction principle employing the notion of a Hausdorff metric. Afterwards, a number of generalizations (see [4-9]) were obtained using different contractive conditions. The study of hybrid type contractive conditions involving single-valued and multi-valued mappings is a valuable addition to the metric fixed point theory and its applications (for details, see [10-14]). Among several generalizations of the Banach contraction principle, Suzuki’s work [[15], Theorem 2.1] led to a number of results (for details, see [13,16-21]).

On the other hand, Matthews [22] introduced the concept of a partial metric space as a part of the study of denotational semantics of dataflow networks. He obtained a modified version of the Banach contraction principle, more suitable in this context (see also [23,24]). Since then, results obtained in the framework of partial metric spaces have been used to constitute a suitable framework to model the problems related to the theory of computation (see [22,25-28]). Recently, Aydi et al.[29] initiated the concept of a partial Hausdorff metric and obtained an analogue of Nadler’s fixed point theorem [3] in partial metric spaces.

The aim of this paper is to obtain some coincidence point theorems for a hybrid pair of single-valued and multi-valued mappings on an arbitrary non-empty set with values in a partial metric space. Our results extend, unify and generalize several known results in the existing literature (see [13,15,21,30]). As an application, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of a common and bounded solution for Suzuki-Zamfirescu class of functional equations under contractive conditions weaker than those given in [1,31-34].

Throughout this work, a mapping is defined by

(1.1)

In the sequel, the letters ℝ, and ℕ will denote the set of all real numbers, the set of all non-negative real numbers and the set of all positive integers, respectively. Consistent with [22,29,35,36], the following definitions and results will be needed in the sequel.

Definition 1.1[22]

Let X be any non-empty set. A mapping is said to be a partial metric if and only if for all the following conditions are satisfied:

(P1) if and only if ;

(P2) ;

(P3) ;

(P4) .

The pair is called a partial metric space. If , then (P1) and (P2) imply that . But the converse does not hold in general. A classical example of a partial metric space is the pair , where is defined as (see also [37]).

Example 1.2[22]

If , then

defines a partial metric p on X.

For more interesting examples, we refer to [23,27,28,35,38,39]. Each partial metric p on X generates a topology on X which has as a base the family of open balls (p-balls) , where

for all and . A sequence in a partial metric space is called convergent to a point with respect to if and only if (for details, see [22]). If p is a partial metric on X, then the mapping given by defines a metric on X. Furthermore, a sequence converges in a metric space to a point if and only if

(1.2)

Definition 1.3[22]

Let be a partial metric space, then

(a) A sequence in X is called Cauchy if and only if exists and is finite.

(b) A partial metric space is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence in X converges with respect to to a point such that .

Lemma A[22,35]

Letbe a partial metric space, then

(c) A sequenceinXis Cauchy inif and only if it is Cauchy in.

(d) A partial metric spaceis complete if and only ifis complete.

Consistent with [29], let be the family of all non-empty, closed and bounded subsets of the partial metric space , induced by the partial metric p. Note that closedness is taken from ( is the topology induced by p) and boundedness is given as follows: A is a bounded subset in if there exists an and such that for all , we have , that is, . For and , define and

It can be verified that implies , where .

Lemma B[35]

Letbe a partial metric space andAbe a non-empty subset ofX, thenif and only if.

Proposition 1.4[29]

Letbe a partial metric space. For any, we have the following:

(i) ;

(ii) ;

(iii) implies;

(iv) .

Proposition 1.5[29]

Letbe a partial metric space. For any, we have the following:

(h1) ;

(h2) ;

(h3) ;

(h4) implies that.

The mapping is called a partial Hausdorff metric induced by a partial metric p. Every Hausdorff metric is a partial Hausdorff metric, but the converse is not true (see Example 2.6 in [29]).

Lemma C[29]

Letbe a partial metric space andand, then for any, there exists asuch that.

Theorem 1.6[29]

Letbe a partial metric space. Ifis a multi-valued mapping such that for all, we have, where. ThenThas a fixed point.

Definition 1.7 Let be a partial metric space and and . A point is said to be (i) a fixed point off if , (ii) a fixed point ofT if , (iii) a coincidence point of a pair if , (iv) a common fixed point of the pair if .

We denote the set of all fixed points of f, the set of all coincidence points of the pair and the set of all common fixed points of the pair by , and , respectively. Motivated by the work of [4,13], we give the following definitions in partial metric spaces.

Definition 1.8 Let be a partial metric space and and . The pair is called (i) commuting if for all , (ii) weakly compatible if the pair commutes at their coincidence points, that is, whenever , (iii) IT-commuting [11] at if .

Definition 1.9 Let be a partial metric space and Y be any non-empty set. Let and be single-valued and multi-valued mappings, respectively. Suppose that , then the set

(1.3)

is called an orbit for the pair at . A partial metric space X is called -orbitally complete if and only if every Cauchy sequence in the orbit for at converges with respect to to a point such that .

Singh and Mishra [13] introduced Suzuki-Zamfirescu type hybrid contractive condition in complete metric spaces. In the context of partial metric spaces, the condition is given as follows.

Definition 1.10 Let be a partial metric space, and be single-valued and multi-valued mappings, respectively. The hybrid pair is said to satisfy Suzuki-Zamfirescu hybrid contraction condition if there exists such that implies that

(1.4)

for all and

(1.5)

Lemma DLetbe a partial metric space, andbe single-valued and multi-valued mappings, respectively. Then the partial metric spaceis-orbitally complete if and only ifis-orbitally complete.

Proof Suppose that is -orbitally complete and is an arbitrary element of X. If is a Cauchy sequence in in , then it is also Cauchy in . Therefore, by (1.2) we deduce that there exists y in X such that

and converges to y in . Conversely, let be -orbitally complete. If is a Cauchy sequence in in , then it is also a Cauchy sequence in . Therefore,

For given , there exists such that

for all . Consequently, we have

whenever . The result follows. □

### 2 Coincidence points of a hybrid pair of mappings

In the following theorem, the existence of coincidence points of a hybrid pair of single-valued and multi-valued mappings that satisfy Suzuki-Zamfirescu hybrid contraction condition in partial metric spaces is established.

Theorem 2.1Letbe a partial metric space andYbe any non-empty set. Assume that a pair of mappingsandsatisfies Suzuki-Zamfirescu hybrid contraction condition with. If there existssuch thatis-orbitally complete at, then. IfandisIT-commuting at coincidence points of, thenprovided thatfzis a fixed point offfor some.

Proof Let and be such that . By the given assumption, we have . So, there exists a point such that . As , so by Lemma C, there exists a point such that

Using the fact that , we obtain a point such that . Therefore,

Since

we have

If

then

If

then we obtain

As , we choose such that . Using the fact that , we obtain a point such that and

Since

so we have

Following the arguments similar to those given above, we obtain

which further implies that

Continuing this process, we obtain a sequence such that for any integer , and

for every . This shows that . Since

so we obtain

Now, for , we have

It follows that is a Cauchy sequence in . By Lemma A, we have is a Cauchy sequence in . Since is -orbitally complete at , so again by Lemma D, is -orbitally complete at . Hence, there exists an element such that . This implies that

(2.1)

Let , then and . Now,

give

Similarly, we can show that

Now, we will claim that

(2.2)

If or , then . This gives , which implies that and we are done. Now from (2.1), there exists a positive integer such that for all,

So, for any , we have

Hence, for any , we obtain

This implies

On taking limit as n tends to ∞, we obtain

If

then we are done. If

then we obtain

and hence (2.2) holds. Next, we show that

(2.3)

for any . If , then , and the claim follows from (2.2). Suppose that , then . As f is a non-constant single-valued mapping, we have

This implies

Therefore,

Hence, (2.3) holds for any . Note that

On taking limit as , we obtain

We obtain , which further implies that . Hence, . Further if and , then due to IT-commutativity of the pair , we have . This shows that fz is a common fixed point of the pair . □

Corollary ALetbe a partial metric space andYbe any non-empty set. Assume that here existssuch that the mappingsandsatisfy

for all, with. If there existssuch thatis-orbitally complete at, then. IfandisIT-commuting at coincidence points of the pair, thenprovided thatfzis a fixed point offfor some.

Example 2.2 Let and . Define a mapping as follows:

Then p is a partial metric on X. Let be as given in Theorem 2.1 and the mappings and be given as

Note that

If we take and , then for all ,

holds. If we consider , then . Then, for , we have , hence is satisfied trivially. Now consider

Hence, for all ,

implies

Let , . As , there exists a point in Y such that and , we obtain a point in Y such that . Continuing this way, we construct an orbit for at . Also, is -orbitally complete at . So, all the conditions of Corollary A are satisfied. Moreover, .

On the other hand, the metric induced by the partial metric p is given by

Now, we show that Corollary A is not applicable (in the case of a metric induced by a partial metric p) in this case. Since

is satisfied for any , x and y in X, so it must imply . But

and

Hence, for any ,

Corollary BLetbe a partial metric space, Ybe any non-empty set andbe such that. Suppose that there existssuch thatis-orbitally complete at. Assume further that there exists ansuch that

implies that

for all. Then. Further, ifand the pairis commuting atxwhere, thenis a singleton.

Proof It follows from Theorem 2.1, that . If , then . Further, if and is commuting at u, then . Now,

implies that

As , we obtain , which further implies that . Hence, fu is a common fixed point of f and T.

For uniqueness, assume there exist , such that and . Then

which implies

We obtain , which further implies that . Hence, . □

### 3 An application

In this section, we assume that U and V are Banach spaces, and . Suppose that

Considering W and D as the state and decision spaces respectively, the problem of dynamic programming reduces to the problem of solving the functional equations:

(3.1)

(3.2)

Then equations (3.1) and (3.2) can be reformulated as

(3.3)

(3.4)

For more on the multistage process involving such functional equations, we refer to [23,31-34]. Now, we study the existence and uniqueness of a common and bounded solution of the functional equations (3.3)-(3.4) arising in dynamic programming in the setup of partial metric spaces.

Let denote the set of all bounded real-valued functions on W. For an arbitrary , define . Then is a Banach space endowed with the metric d defined as . Now, consider

(3.5)

where , and is a partial metric on . Let be defined as in Section 1. Suppose that the following conditions hold:

(C1): G, F, g, and are bounded.

(C2): For , and , define

(3.6)

(3.7)

Moreover, assume that there exists such that for every , and ,

(3.8)

implies

(3.9)

where

(C3): For any , there exists such that for ,

(C4): There exists such that

Theorem 3.1Assume that the conditions (C1)-(C4) are satisfied. Ifis a closed convex subspace of, then the functional equations (3.3) and (3.4) have a unique, common and bounded solution.

Proof Note that is a complete partial metric space. By (C1), J, K are self-maps of . The condition (C3) implies that . It follows from (C4) that J and K commute at their coincidence points. Let λ be an arbitrary positive number and . Choose and such that

(3.10)

where , . Further, from (3.5) and (3.6), we have

(3.11)

(3.12)

Therefore, (3.8) in (C2) becomes

(3.13)

Then (3.13) together with (3.10) and (3.12) implies

(3.14)

Now, (3.10), (3.11) and (3.13) imply

(3.15)

From (3.14) and (3.15), we have

(3.16)

As the above inequality is true for any and is taken arbitrarily, so from (3.13) we obtain

(3.17)

implies

(3.18)

Therefore, by Corollary B, the pair has a common fixed point , that is, is a unique, bounded and common solution of (3.3) and (3.4). □

### Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

### Authors’ contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

### Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their useful comments that helped to improve the presentation of this paper.

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