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# Common fıxed points of almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mappings in ordered metric spaces

Wasfı Shatanawi1 and Ahmed Al-Rawashdeh2*

Author Affiliations

1 Department of Mathematics, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan

2 Department of Mathematical Sciences, UAEU, 17551 Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

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Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2012, 2012:80  doi:10.1186/1687-1812-2012-80

 Received: 22 January 2012 Accepted: 9 May 2012 Published: 9 May 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

In this article, we introduce the notion of almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mappings in ordered metric spaces and we establish some fixed and common fixed point results in ordered complete metric spaces. Our results generalize several well-known comparable results in the literature. Finally, an example and an application are given in order to support the useability of our results.

Mathematics Subject Classifications 2000: 54H25; 47H10; 54E50

##### Keywords:
fıxed point; generalized contractions; complete ordered metric spaces

### 1 Introduction

A fundamental principle in computer science is iteration. Iterative techniques are used to find roots of equations, solutions of linear and nonlinear systems of equations, and solution of differential equations. So the attraction of the fixed point iteration is understandable to a large number of mathematicians.

The Banach contraction principle (see [1]) is a very popular tool for solving problems in nonlinear analysis. Some authors generalized this interesting theorem in different ways (see for example [2-20]).

Berinde [21-24] initiated the concept of almost contractions and studied many interesting fixed point theorems for a Ćirić strong almost contraction. So, let us recall the following definition.

Definition 1.1. [21]A single valued mapping f : X × X is called a Ćirić strong almost contraction if there exist a constant α ∈ [0, 1) and some L ≥ 0 such that

for all x, y X, where

Babu [25] introduced the class of mappings which satisfy "condition (B)".

Definition 1.2. [25]Let (X, d) be a metric space. A mapping f : X X is said to satisfy "condition (B)" if there exist a constant δ ∈ (0, 1) and some L ≥ 0 such that

for all x, y X.

Moreover, Babu proved in [25] the existence of fixed point theorem for such mappings on complete metric spaces.

Ćirić et al. [26] introduced the concept of almost generalized contractive condition and they proved some existing results.

Definition 1.3. [26]Let (X,≼) be a partially ordered set. Two mappings f, g : X X are said to be strictly weakly increasing if fx gfx and gx fgx, for all x X.

Definition 1.4. [26]Let f and g be two self mappings on a metric space (X, d). Then they are said to satisfy almost generalized contractive condition if there exist a constant δ ∈ (0, 1) and some L ≥ 0 such that

(1)

for all x, y X.

Then Ćirić et al. [26] proved the following theorems.

Theorem 1.1. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set and suppose that there exists a metric d on X such that the metric space (X, d) is complete. Let f : X X be a strictly increasing continuous mapping with respect to ≼. Suppose that there exist a constant δ ∈ [0, 1) and some L ≥ 0 such that

for all comparable x, y X, where

If there exists x0 X such that x0 fx0, then f has a fixed point in X.

Theorem 1.2. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set and suppose that there exists a metric d on X such that the metric space (X, d) is complete. Let f, g : X X be two strictly weakly increasing mappings which satisfy (1) with respect to ≼, for all comparable elements x, y X. If either f or g is continuous, then f and g have a common fixed point in X.

Khan et al. [27] introduced the concept of altering distance function as follows.

Definition 1.5. [27]The function ϕ : [0, +∞) [0, +∞) is called an altering distance function, if the following properties are satisfied:

(1) ϕ is continuous and non-decreasing.

(2) ϕ(t) = 0 if and only if t = 0.

Many authors studied fixed point theorems which are based on altering distance functions, see for example [27-36].

In this article, we introduce the notion of almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping and we establish some results in complete ordered metric spaces, where ψ and ϕ are altering distance functions. Our results generalize Theorems 1.1 and 1.2.

### 2 Main results

In this section, we define the notion of almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping, then we present and prove our new results. In particular, we generalize Theorems 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 of Ćirić et al. [26].

Let (X, ≼, d) be an ordered metric space and let f : X X be a mapping. Set

and

Now, we introduce the following definition.

Definition 2.1. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let ψ and ϕ be altering distance functions. We say that a mapping f : X X is an almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping if there exists L ≥ 0 such that

(2)

for all comparable x, y X.

Throughout this article, the mappings ψ and ϕ denote altering distance functions. Now, let us prove our first result.

Theorem 2.1. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set and suppose that there exists a metric d on X such that the metric (X, d) is complete. Let f : X X be a non-decreasing continuous mapping with respect to ≼. Suppose that f is an almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping. If there exists x0 X such that x0 fx0, then f has a fixed point.

Proof. Let x0 X. Then, we define a sequences (xn) in X such that xn+1 = fxn. Since x0 fx0 = x1 and f is non-decreasing, we have x1 = fx0 x2 = fx1. Again, as x1 x2 and f is non-decreasing, we have x2 = fx1 x3 = fx2. By induction, we show that

If xn = xn+1 for some n ∈ ℕ, then xn = fxn and hence xn is a fixed point of f. So, we may assume that xn xn+1 for all n ∈ ℕ. By (2), we have

(3)

where

(4)

and

(5)

From (3)-(5) and the properties of ψ and ϕ, we get

(6)

If

then by (6) we have

Therefore (6) becomes

(7)

Since ψ is a non-decreasing mapping, we have {d(xn, xn+1): n ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}} is a non-increasing sequence of positive numbers. So, there exists r ≥ 0 such that

Letting n → +∞ in (7), we get

Therefore ϕ(r) = 0, and hence r = 0. Thus, we have

(8)

Next, we show that (xn) is a Cauchy sequence in X. Suppose to the contrary; that is, (xn) is not a Cauchy sequence. Then there exists ε > 0 for which we can find two subsequences (xm(i)) and (xn(i)) of (xn) such that n(i) is the smallest index for which

(9)

This means that

(10)

From (9), (10) and the triangular inequality, we get

Using (8) and letting i → +∞, we get

(11)

From (2), we have

(12)

where

(13)

and

(14)

Letting i +∞ in (13) and (14) then using (8) and (11), we get

(15)

and

(16)

Letting i → +∞ in (12) then using (11), (15) and (16) we have

which gives a contradiction. Thus (xn+1 = fxn) is a Cauchy sequence in X. As X is a complete space, there exists u X such that

Now, suppose that f is continuous, then fxn fu. By the uniqueness of limit, we have fu = u. Thus u is a fixed point of f. □

Notice that the continuity of f in Theorem 2.1 is not necessary and can be dropped.

Theorem 2.2. Under the same hypotheses of Theorem 2.1 and without assuming the continuity of f, assume that whenever (xn) is a non-decreasing sequence in X such that xn x X implies xn x, for all n ∈ ℕ. Then f has a fixed point in X.

Proof. Following similar arguments to those given in Theorem 2.1, we construct an increasing sequence (xn) in X such that xn u for some u X. Using the assumption of X, we have xn u for all n ∈ ℕ. Now, we show that fu = u. By (2), we have

(17)

where

(18)

and

(19)

Letting n → +∞ in (18) and (19) then we get M(xn, u) → d(u, fu) and N(xn, u) → 0. Again when n → +∞ in (17) then we get

Therefore, d(u, fu) = 0. Thus u = fu and hence u is a fixed point of f. □

Corollary 2.1. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set and suppose that there exists a metric d on X such that the metric (X, d) is complete. Let f : X X be a non-decreasing continuous mapping with respect to ≼. Suppose that there exist k ∈ [0, 1) and L ≥ 0 such that

for all comparable x, y X. If there exists x0 X such that x0 ≤ fx0, then f has a fixed point.

Proof. Follows from Theorem (2.1) by taking ψ(t) = t and ϕ(t) = (1-k)t for all t ∈ [0, +∞) and noticing that f is an almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping. □

The continuity of f in Corollary 2.1 is not necessary and can be dropped.

Corollary 2.2. Under the hypotheses of Corollary 2.1 and without assuming the continuity of f, assume that whenever (xn) is a non-decreasing sequence in X such that xn x X implies xn x for all n ∈ ℕ. Then f has a fixed point in X.

Proof. Follows from Theorem (2.2) by taking ψ(t) = t and ϕ(t) = (1 -k)t for all t ∈ [0, +∞). □

Now, let (X, ≼, d) be an ordered metric space and let f, g : X X be two mappings. Set

and

Then we introduce the following definition.

Definition 2.2. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set having a metric d, and let ψ and ϕ be altering distance functions. We say that a mapping f : X X is an almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping with respect to a mapping g : X X if there exists L ≥ 0 such that

(20)

for all comparable x, y X.

Definition 2.3. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set. Then two mappings f, g : X X are said to be weakly increasing if fx gfx and gx fgx, for all X X.

Note that every strictly weakly increasing mapping is weakly increasing.

Theorem 2.3. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set and suppose that there exists a metric d on X such that the metric (X, d) is complete, and let f, g : X X be two weakly increasing mappings with respect to ≼. Suppose that f is an almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping with respect to g. If either f or g is continuous, then f and g have a common fixed point.

Proof. Let us divide the proof into two parts:

First part: We prove that u is a fixed point of f if and only if u is a fixed point of g. Now, suppose that u is a fixed point of f, then fu = u. As u u, by (20), we have

Thus we have ϕ(d(u, gu)) = 0. Therefore d(u, gu) = 0 and hence gu = u. Similarly, we show that if u is a fixed point of g, then u is a fixed point of f.

Second part (construction a sequence by iterative technique):

Let x0 X. We construct a sequence (xn) in X such that x2n+1 = fx2n and x2n+2 = gx2n+1, for all non-negative integers, i.e. n ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. As f and g are weakly increasing with respect ≼, we obtain the following:

If x2n = x2n+1 for some n ∈ ℕ, then x2n = fx2n. Thus x2n is a fixed point of f. By the first part, we conclude that x2n is also a fixed point of g.

If x2n+1 = x2n+2 for some n ∈ ℕ, then x2n+1 = gx2n+1. Thus x2n+1 is a fixed point of g. By the first part, we conclude that x2n+1 is also a fixed point of f.

Therefore, we may assume that xn xn+1 for all n ∈ ℕ. Now we complete the proof in the following steps:

Step 1. We will prove that

As x2n+1 and x2n+2 are comparable, by (20), we have

where

and

So, we have

(21)

If

then (21) becomes

and hence (21) becomes

(22)

Similarly, we show that

(23)

By (22) and (23), we get that {d(xn, xn+1); n ∈ ℕ} is a non-increasing sequence of positive numbers. Hence there is r ≥ 0 such that

Letting n →+∞ in (22), we get

which implies that ϕ(r) = 0 and hence r = 0.

So, we have

(24)

Step 2. We will prove that (xn) is a Cauchy sequence. It is sufficient to show that (x2n) is a Cauchy sequence. Suppose to the contrary; that is, (x2n) is not a Cauchy sequence. Then there exists ε > 0 for which we can find two subsequences of positive integers (x2m(i)) and (x2n(i)) such that n(i) is the smallest index for which

(25)

This means that

(26)

From (25), (26) and the triangular inequality, we get

By letting i +∞ in the above inequality and using (24), we have

(27)

Moreover,

Using (24), (27) and letting i → +∞, we get

(28)

Since x2n(i) and x2m(i)+1 are comparable, so by (20) we have

(29)

where

(30)

and

(31)

By letting i → +∞ in (30) and (31), we get

Now, letting i → +∞ in (29) we get

So ϕ(ε) = 0 and then ε = 0, which is a contradiction. Hence (xn) is a Cauchy sequence in X.

Step 3. (A common fixed point)

As (xn) is a Cauchy sequence in X which is a complete space, there exists u X such that xn u as n → +∞. Without loss of generality, we may assume that f is continuous. Since x2n u as n → +∞, we have x2n+1 = fx2n fu as n → +∞. By the uniqueness of limit we get fu = u. Thus u is a fixed point of f. By the first part, we conclude that u is also a fixed point of g. □

The continuity of one of the functions f or g in Theorem 2.3 is not necessary and can be dropped.

Theorem 2.4. Under the hypotheses of Theorem 2.3 and without assuming the continuity of one of the functions f or g, assume that whenever (xn) is a non-decreasing sequence in X such that xn x X implies xn x, for all n ∈ ℕ. Then f and g have a common fixed point in X.

Proof. Following similar arguments to those given in Theorem 2.3, we construct an increasing sequence (xn) in X such that xn u for some u X. Using the assumption on X, we have xn u for all n ∈ ℕ. Now, we show that fu = gu = u. By (2), we have

(32)

where

(33)

and

(34)

Letting n → +∞ in (33) and (34) then we get M(x2n, u) → d(u, gu) and N(x2n, u) → 0 as n → +∞. Again when n → +∞ in (32), we get

Therefore, d(u, gu) = 0 thus u = gu and then u is a fixed point of f. Similarly, we may show that fu = u. Hence u is a common fixed point of f and g. □

Then we have the following consequence results.

Corollary 2.3. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set and suppose that there exists a metric d on X such that the metric (X, d) is complete. Let f, g : X → X be two strictly weakly increasing mappings with respect to ≼. Suppose that there exist k ∈ [0, 1) and L ≥ 0 such that

for all comparable x, y X. If either f or g is continuous, then f and g have a common fixed point.

Proof. Define ψ, ϕ : [0, +∞) [0, +∞) by ψ(t) = t and ϕ(t) = (1-k)t. Then f is an almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping with respect to g. The proof follows from Theorem 2.3. □

The continuity of one of the functions f or g in Corollary 2.3 is not necessary and can be dropped.

Corollary 2.4. Under the hypotheses of Corollary 2.3 and without assuming the continuity of one of the functions f or g, assume that whenever (xn) is a non-decreasing sequence in × such that xn → X X implies xn x, for all n ∈ ℕ. Then f and g have a common fixed point in X.

Proof. Follows from Theorem 2.4. □

Now, in order to support the useability of our results, let us introduce the following example.

Example 2.1. Let × = {0, 1, 2, ...}. Define the function f, g : X X by

and

Let d : X × X → + be given by

Define ψ, ϕ: [0, +∞) → [0, +∞) by ψ(t) = t2 and ϕ(t) = t. Define a relation on X by × y iff y ≤ x. Then we have the following:

(1) (X, ≼) is a partially ordered set having the metric d, where the metric space (X, d) is complete.

(2) f and g are weakly increasing mappings with respect to ≼.

(3) f is continuous.

(4) f is an almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping with respect to g, that is,

for x, y X with × y and L ≥ 0, where

and

Proof. The proof of (1) is clear. To prove (2), let x X. If x ∈ {0, 1, 2}, then fgx = 0 ≤ gx = 0 and gfx = 0 ≤ fx. So gx fgx and fx gfx. While, if x ≥ 3, then fgx = x - 3 ≤ x - 2 = gx and gfx = x - 3 ≤ x - 1 = fx. So gx fgx and fx gfx. Hence f and g are weakly increasing mappings with respect to ≼. To prove that f is continuous, let (xn) be a sequence in X such that xn → x X. By the definition of the metric d, there exists k ∈ ℕ such that xn = x for all n ≥ k. So fxn = fx for all n ≥ k. Hence fxn → fx that is, f is continuous. To prove (4), given x, y X with x y. So y ≤ x. Thus, we have the following cases:

Case 1. x ∈ {0, 1} and y ∈ {0, 1}. Then d(fx, fy) = 0 and hence

for each L ≥ 0.

Case 2. x, y ≥ 2 and x = y. Then d(fx, fy) = 0 and hence

for each L ≥ 0.

Case 3. x > y ≥ 2.

If x = y + 1, then

and

Since

we have

for each L ≥ 0.

If x > y + 1, then

and

As

we have

for each L ≥ 0. By combining all cases together, we conclude that f is an almost generalized (ψ, ϕ)-contractive mapping with respect to g. Thus f, g, ψ and ϕ satisfy all the hypotheses of Theorem 2.3 and hence f and g have a common fixed point. Indeed, 0 is the unique common fixed point of f and g. □

### 3 Applications

Let Φ denote the set of functions ϕ : [0, +∞) → [0, +∞) satisfying the following hypotheses:

(1) Every ϕ ∈ Φ is a Lebesgue integrable function on each compact subset of [0, +∞),

(2) For any ϕ ∈ Φ and ε > 0,

It is an easy matter, to check that the mapping ψ : [0, +∞) [0, +∞) defined by

is an altering distance function. Therefore, we have the following results.

Corollary 3.1. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set having a metric d, such that the metric space (X, d) is complete. Let f : X → X be a non-decreasing continuous mapping with respect to ≼. Suppose that there exist k ∈ [0, 1) and L ≥ 0 such that

for all comparable x, y X. If there exists x0 X such that x0 fx0, then f has a fixed point.

Proof. Follows from Corollary 2.1 by taking

Corollary 3.2. Let (X, ≼) be a partially ordered set having a metric d, such that the metric space (X, d) is complete. Let f, g : X → X be two weakly increasing mappings with respect to ≼. Suppose that there exist k ∈ [0, 1) and L ≥ 0 such that

for all comparable x, y X. If there exists x0 X such that x0 fx0, then f has a fixed point.

Proof. Follows from Corollary 2.3 by taking

Remark 1. Theorem 2.1 of [26]is a special case of Corollary 2.1

Remark 2. Theorem 2.2 of [26]is a special case of Corollary 2.2

Remark 3. Theorem 2.3, Corollaries 2.4 and 2.6 of [26]are special cases of Corollary 2.3

### Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

### Authors' contributions

All the authors contributed equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

### Acknowledgement

The authors thank the editor and the referees for their useful comments and suggestions.

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