Research

# Cyclic generalized contractions and fixed point results with applications to an integral equation

Hemant Kumar Nashine1, Wutiphol Sintunavarat2 and Poom Kumam2*

Author Affiliations

1 Department of Mathematics, Disha Institute of Management and Technology, Satya Vihar, Vidhansabha-Chandrakhuri Marg, Mandir Hasaud, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492101, India

2 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand

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Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2012, 2012:217  doi:10.1186/1687-1812-2012-217

 Received: 13 June 2012 Accepted: 12 November 2012 Published: 28 November 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

We set up a new variant of cyclic generalized contractive mappings for a map in a metric space and present existence and uniqueness results of fixed points for such mappings. Our results generalize or improve many existing fixed point theorems in the literature. To illustrate our results, we give some examples. At the same time as applications of the presented theorems, we prove an existence theorem for solutions of a class of nonlinear integral equations.

MSC: 47H10, 54H25.

##### Keywords:
fixed point; cyclic generalized ( F , ψ , L ) -contraction; integral equation

### 1 Introduction and preliminaries

All the way through this paper, by R + , we designate the set of all real nonnegative numbers, while ℕ is the set of all natural numbers.

The celebrated Banach’s [1] contraction mapping principle is one of the cornerstones in the development of nonlinear analysis. This principle has been extended and improved in many ways over the years (see, e.g., [2-5]). Fixed point theorems have applications not only in various branches of mathematics but also in economics, chemistry, biology, computer science, engineering, and other fields. In particular, such theorems are used to demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of a solution of differential equations, integral equations, functional equations, partial differential equations, and others. Owing to the magnitude, generalizations of the Banach fixed point theorem have been explored heavily by many authors. This celebrated theorem can be stated as follows.

Theorem 1.1 ([1])

Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space andTbe a mapping ofXinto itself satisfying

d ( T x , T y ) k d ( x , y ) , x , y X , (1)

wherekis a constant in ( 0 , 1 ) . ThenThas a unique fixed point x X .

Inequality (1) implies the continuity of T. A natural question is whether we can find contractive conditions which will imply the existence of a fixed point in a complete metric space but will not imply continuity.

On the other hand, cyclic representations and cyclic contractions were introduced by Kirk et al.[6]. A mapping T : A B A B is called cyclic if T ( A ) B and T ( B ) A , where A, B are nonempty subsets of a metric space ( X , d ) . Moreover, T is called a cyclic contraction if there exists k ( 0 , 1 ) such that d ( T x , T y ) k d ( x , y ) for all x A and y B . Notice that although a contraction is continuous, a cyclic contraction need not to be. This is one of the important gains of this theorem.

Definition 1.1 (See [6,7])

Let ( X , d ) be a metric space. Let p be a positive integer, A 1 , A 2 , , A p be nonempty subsets of X, Y = i = 1 p A i , and T : Y Y . Then Y is said to be a cyclic representation of Y with respect to T if

(i) A i , i = 1 , 2 , , p are nonempty closed sets, and

(ii) T ( A 1 ) A 2 , , T ( A p 1 ) A p , T ( A p ) A 1 .

Following the paper in [6], a number of fixed point theorems on a cyclic representation of Y with respect to a self-mapping T have appeared (see, e.g., [3,7-15]).

In this paper, we introduce a new class of cyclic generalized ( F , ψ , L ) -contractive mappings, and then investigate the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for such mappings. Our main result generalizes and improves many existing theorems in the literature. We supply appropriate examples to make obvious the validity of the propositions of our results. To end with, as applications of the presented theorems, we achieve fixed point results for a generalized contraction of integral type and we prove an existence theorem for solutions of a system of integral equations.

### 2 Main results

In this section, we introduce two new notions of a cyclic contraction and establish new results for such mappings.

In the sequel, we fixed the set of functions by F , ψ : [ 0 , + ) [ 0 , + ) such that

(i) ℱ is nondecreasing, continuous, and F ( 0 ) = 0 < F ( t ) for every t > 0 ;

(ii) ψ is nondecreasing, right continuous, and ψ ( t ) < t for every t > 0 .

Define F 1 = { F : F  satisfies (i) } and Ψ 1 = { ψ : ψ  satisfies (ii) } .

We state the notion of a cyclic generalized ( F , ψ , L ) -contraction as follows.

Definition 2.1 Let ( X , d ) be a metric space. Let p be a positive integer, A 1 , A 2 , , A p be nonempty subsets of X and Y = i = 1 p A i . An operator T : Y Y is said to be a cyclic generalized ( F , ψ , L ) -contraction for some ψ Ψ 1 , F F 1 , and L 0 if

(a) Y = i = 1 p A i is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to T;

(b) for any ( x , y ) A i × A i + 1 , i = 1 , 2 , , p (with A p + 1 = A 1 ),

F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( Θ ( x , y ) ) ) + L F ( Θ 1 ( x , y ) ) ,

where

Θ ( x , y ) = max { d ( x , y ) , d ( x , T x ) , d ( y , T y ) , d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) 2 }

and

Θ 1 ( x , y ) = min { d ( x , T x ) , d ( y , T y ) , d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) } .

Our first main result is the following.

Theorem 2.1Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space, p N , A 1 , A 2 , , A p be nonempty closed subsets ofX, and Y = i = 1 p A i . Suppose T : Y Y is a cyclic generalized ( F , ψ , L ) -contraction mapping for some ψ Ψ 1 and F F 1 . ThenThas a unique fixed point. Moreover, the fixed point ofTbelongs to i = 1 p A i .

Proof Let x 0 A 1 (such a point exists since A 1 ). Define the sequence { x n } in X by

x n + 1 = T x n , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , .

We shall prove that

lim n d ( x n , x n + 1 ) = 0 . (2)

If, for some k, we have x k + 1 = x k , then (2) follows immediately. So, we can suppose that d ( x n , x n + 1 ) > 0 for all n. From the condition (a), we observe that for all n, there exists i = i ( n ) { 1 , 2 , , p } such that ( x n , x n + 1 ) A i × A i + 1 . Then, from the condition (b), we have

F ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) ψ ( F ( Θ ( x n 1 , x n ) ) ) + L F ( Θ 1 ( x n 1 , x n ) ) , n = 1 , 2 , . (3)

On the other hand, we have

Θ ( x n 1 , x n ) = max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n + 1 , x n ) , 1 2 d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) } = max { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) }

and

Θ 1 ( x n 1 , x n ) = min { d ( x n 1 , x n ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) , d ( x n 1 , x n + 1 ) , d ( x n , x n ) } = 0 .

Suppose that max { d ( x k 1 , x k ) , d ( x k , x k + 1 ) } = d ( x k , x k + 1 ) for some k N . Then Θ ( x k 1 , x k ) = d ( x k , x k + 1 ) , so

F ( d ( x k , x k + 1 ) ) ψ ( F ( d ( x k , x k + 1 ) ) ) < F ( d ( x k , x k + 1 ) ) ,

Θ ( x n 1 , x n ) = d ( x n 1 , x n ) ,

and thus

F ( d ( x n , x n + 1 ) ) ψ ( F ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) ) < F ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) . (4)

Similarly, we have

F ( d ( x n 1 , x n ) ) < F ( d ( x n 2 , x n 1 ) ) . (5)

Thus, from (4) and (5), we get

F ( d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ) < F ( d ( x n , x n 1 ) )

for all n N . Now, from

F ( d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ) ψ ( F ( d ( x n , x n 1 ) ) ) < < ψ n ( F ( d ( x 1 , x 0 ) ) )

and the property of ψ, we obtain lim n F ( d ( x n + 1 , x n ) ) = 0 , and consequently (2) holds.

Now, we shall prove that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence in ( X , d ) . Suppose, on the contrary, that { x n } is not a Cauchy sequence. Then there exists ε > 0 for which we can find two sequences of positive integers { m ( k ) } and { n ( k ) } such that for all positive integers k,

m ( k ) > n ( k ) k , d ( x m ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) ε . (6)

Further, corresponding to n ( k ) , we can choose m ( k ) in such a way that it is the smallest integer with m ( k ) > n ( k ) k satisfying (6). Then we have

d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x n ( k ) ) < ε . (7)

Using (6), (7), and the triangular inequality, we get

ε d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) 1 ) + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) ) < ε + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) ) .

Thus, we have

ε d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) < ε + d ( x m ( k ) 1 , x m ( k ) ) .

Passing to the limit as k in the above inequality and using (2), we obtain

lim k d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) ) = ε + . (8)

On the other hand, for all k, there exists j ( k ) { 1 , , p } such that n ( k ) m ( k ) + j ( k ) 1 [ p ] . Then x m ( k ) j ( k ) (for k large enough, m ( k ) > j ( k ) ) and x n ( k ) lie in different adjacently labeled sets A i and A i + 1 for certain i { 1 , , p } . Using (b), we obtain

F ( d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 , x n ( k ) + 1 ) ) ψ ( F ( Θ ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) ) ) + L F ( Θ 1 ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) ) (9)

for all k. Now, we have

Θ ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) = max { d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) , d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 , x m ( k ) j ( k ) ) , d ( x n ( k ) + 1 , x n ( k ) ) , d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) + 1 ) + d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 ) 2 } , (10)

and

Θ 1 ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) = min { d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 , x m ( k ) j ( k ) ) , d ( x n ( k ) + 1 , x n ( k ) ) , d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) + 1 ) , d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 ) } (11)

for all k. Using the triangular inequality, we get

which implies from (8) that

lim k d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) = ε . (12)

Using (2), we have

lim k d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 , x m ( k ) j ( k ) ) = 0 (13)

and

lim k d ( x n ( k ) + 1 , x n ( k ) ) = 0 . (14)

Again, using the triangular inequality, we get

| d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) + 1 ) d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) | d ( x n ( k ) , x n ( k ) + 1 ) .

Passing to the limit as k in the above inequality, using (14) and (12), we get

lim k d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) + 1 ) = ε . (15)

Similarly, we have

| d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 ) d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) | d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 ) .

Passing to the limit as k , using (2) and (12), we obtain

lim k d ( x n ( k ) , x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 ) = ε . (16)

Similarly, we have

lim k d ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) + 1 , x n ( k ) + 1 ) = ε . (17)

Now, it follows from (12)-(16) and the continuity of φ that

lim k Θ ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) = max { ε , 0 } = ε (18)

and

lim k Θ 1 ( x m ( k ) j ( k ) , x n ( k ) ) = min { 0 , 0 , ε , ε } = 0 . (19)

Passing to the limit as k in (9), using (17), (18), (19), and the condition (ii), we obtain

F ( ε ) ψ ( F ( ε ) ) + L 0 < F ( ε ) ,

which is a contradiction. Thus, we proved that { x n } is a Cauchy sequence in ( X , d ) .

Since ( X , d ) is complete, there exists x X such that

lim n x n = x . (20)

We shall prove that

x i = 1 p A i . (21)

From the condition (a), and since x 0 A 1 , we have { x n p } n 0 A 1 . Since A 1 is closed, from (20), we get that x A 1 . Again, from the condition (a), we have { x n p + 1 } n 0 A 2 . Since A 2 is closed, from (20), we get that x A 2 . Continuing this process, we obtain (21).

Now, we shall prove that x is a fixed point of T. Indeed, from (21), since for all n there exists i ( n ) { 1 , 2 , , p } such that x n A i ( n ) , applying (b) with x = x and y = x n , we obtain

F ( d ( T x , x n + 1 ) ) = F ( d ( T x , T x n ) ) ψ ( F ( Θ ( x , x n ) ) ) + L F ( Θ 1 ( x , x n ) ) (22)

for all n. On the other hand, we have

Θ ( x , x n ) = max { d ( x , x n ) , d ( x , T x ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) , d ( x , x n + 1 ) + d ( x n , T x ) 2 }

and

Θ 1 ( x , x n ) = min { d ( x , T x ) , d ( x n , x n + 1 ) , d ( x , x n + 1 ) , d ( x n , T x ) } .

Passing to the limit as n in the above inequality and using (20), we obtain that

lim n Θ ( x , x n ) = max { d ( x , T x ) , 1 2 d ( x , T x ) } and lim n Θ 1 ( x , x n ) = 0 . (23)

Passing to the limit as n in (22), using (23) and (20), we get

F ( d ( x , T x ) ) ψ ( F ( max { d ( x , T x ) , 1 2 d ( x , T x ) } ) ) .

Suppose that d ( x , T x ) > 0 . In this case, we have

max { d ( x , T x ) , d ( x , T x ) 2 } = d ( x , T x ) ,

which implies that

F ( d ( x , T x ) ) ψ ( F ( d ( x , T x ) ) ) < F ( d ( x , T x ) ) ,

a contradiction. Then we have d ( x , T x ) = 0 , that is, x is a fixed point of T.

Finally, we prove that x is the unique fixed point of T. Assume that y is another fixed point of T, that is, T y = y . From the condition (a), this implies that y i = 1 p A i . Then we can apply (b) for x = x and y = y . We obtain

F ( d ( x , y ) ) = F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( Θ ( x , y ) ) ) + L F ( Θ 1 ( x , y ) ) .

Since x and y are fixed points of T, we can show easily that Θ ( x , y ) = d ( x , y ) and Θ 1 ( x , y ) = 0 . If d ( x , y ) > 0 , we get

F ( d ( x , y ) ) = F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( Θ ( x , y ) ) ) = ψ ( F ( d ( x , y ) ) ) < F ( d ( x , y ) ) ,

a contradiction. Then we have d ( x , y ) = 0 , that is, x = y . Thus, we proved the uniqueness of the fixed point. □

In the following, we deduce some fixed point theorems from our main result given by Theorem 2.1.

If we take p = 1 and A 1 = X in Theorem 2.1, then we get immediately the following fixed point theorem.

Corollary 2.1Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space and T : X X satisfy the following condition: there exist ψ Ψ 1 , F F 1 , and L 0 such that

F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( max { d ( x , y ) , d ( T x , x ) , d ( y , T y ) , d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) 2 } ) ) + L F ( min { d ( x , y ) , d ( T x , x ) , d ( y , T y ) , d ( x , T y ) , d ( y , T x ) } )

for all x , y X . ThenThas a unique fixed point.

Remark 2.1 Corollary 2.1 extends and generalizes many existing fixed point theorems in the literature [1,16-21].

Corollary 2.2Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space, p N , A 1 , A 2 , , A p be nonempty closed subsets ofX, Y = i = 1 p A i , and T : Y Y . Suppose that there exist ψ Ψ 1 and F F 1 such that

(a′) Y = i = 1 p A i is a cyclic representation ofYwith respect toT;

(b′) for any ( x , y ) A i × A i + 1 , i = 1 , 2 , , p (with A p + 1 = A 1 ),

F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( d ( x , y ) ) ) .

ThenThas a unique fixed point. Moreover, the fixed point ofTbelongs to i = 1 p A i .

Remark 2.2 Corollary 2.2 is similar to Theorem 2.1 in [7].

Remark 2.3 Taking in Corollary 2.2 ψ ( t ) = k t with k ( 0 , 1 ) , we obtain a generalized version of Theorem 1.3 in [6].

Corollary 2.3Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space, p N , A 1 , A 2 , , A p be nonempty closed subsets ofX, Y = i = 1 p A i , and T : Y Y . Suppose that there exist ψ Ψ 1 and F F 1 such that

(a′) Y = i = 1 p A i is a cyclic representation ofYwith respect toT;

(b′) for any ( x , y ) A i × A i + 1 , i = 1 , 2 , , p (with A p + 1 = A 1 ),

F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) 2 ) ) .

ThenThas a unique fixed point. Moreover, the fixed point ofTbelongs to i = 1 p A i .

Remark 2.4 Taking in Corollary 2.3 ψ ( t ) = k t with k ( 0 , 1 ) , we obtain a generalized version of Theorem 3 in [13].

Corollary 2.4Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space, p N , A 1 , A 2 , , A p be nonempty closed subsets ofX, Y = i = 1 p A i , and T : Y Y . Suppose that there exist ψ Ψ 1 and F F 1 such that

(a′) Y = i = 1 p A i is a cyclic representation ofYwith respect toT;

(b′) for any ( x , y ) A i × A i + 1 , i = 1 , 2 , , p (with A p + 1 = A 1 ),

F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( max { d ( x , T x ) , d ( y , T y ) } ) ) .

ThenThas a unique fixed point. Moreover, the fixed point ofTbelongs to i = 1 p A i .

Remark 2.5 Taking in Corollary 2.4 ψ ( t ) = k t with k ( 0 , 1 ) , we obtain a generalized version of Theorem 5 in [13].

Corollary 2.5Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space, p N , A 1 , A 2 , , A p be nonempty closed subsets ofX, Y = i = 1 p A i , and T : Y Y . Suppose that there exist ψ Ψ 1 and F F 1 such that

(a) Y = i = 1 p A i is a cyclic representation ofYwith respect toT;

(b) for any ( x , y ) A i × A i + 1 , i = 1 , 2 , , p (with A p + 1 = A 1 ),

F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( max { d ( x , y ) , d ( x , T x ) , d ( y , T y ) } ) ) .

ThenThas a unique fixed point. Moreover, the fixed point ofTbelongs to i = 1 p A i .

We provide some examples to illustrate our obtained Theorem 2.1.

Example 2.1 Let X = R with the usual metric. Suppose A 1 = [ 1 , 0 ] and A 2 = [ 0 , 1 ] and Y = i = 1 2 A i . Define T : Y Y such that T x = x 3 for all x Y . It is clear that i = 1 2 A i is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to T. Let ψ Ψ 1 be defined by ψ ( t ) = t 2 and F F 1 of the form F ( t ) = k t , k > 0 . For all x , y Y and L 0 , we have

F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) = k d ( T x , T y ) = k | x y | 3 k | x y | 2 k ( Θ ( x , y ) ) 2 k ( Θ ( x , y ) ) 2 + L k Θ 1 ( x , y ) = ψ ( F ( Θ ( x , y ) ) ) + L F ( Θ 1 ( x , y ) ) .

So, T is a cyclic generalized ( F , ψ , L ) -contraction for any L 0 . Therefore, all conditions of Theorem 2.1 are satisfied ( p = 2 ), and so T has a unique fixed point (which is x = 0 i = 1 2 A i ).

Example 2.2 Let X = R with the usual metric. Suppose A 1 = [ π / 2 , 0 ] and A 2 = [ 0 , π / 2 ] and Y = i = 1 2 A i . Define the mapping T : Y Y by

T x = { 1 3 x | cos ( 1 / x ) | if  x [ π / 2 , 0 ) ( 0 , π / 2 ] , 0 if  x = 0 .

Clearly, we have T ( A 1 ) A 2 and T ( A 2 ) A 1 . Moreover, A 1 and A 2 are nonempty closed subsets of X. Therefore, i = 1 2 A i is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to T.

Now, let ( x , y ) A 1 × A 2 with x 0 and y 0 , we have

d ( T x , T y ) = | T x T y | = | 1 3 x | cos ( 1 / x ) | + 1 3 y | cos ( 1 / y ) | | = 1 3 | | x | | cos ( 1 / x ) | + | y | | cos ( 1 / y ) | | 1 3 ( | x | + | y | ) .

On the other hand, we have

| x | = x x + 1 3 | x cos ( 1 / x ) | = x 1 3 x | cos ( 1 / x ) | | x + 1 3 x | cos ( 1 / x ) | | = d ( x , T x )

and

| y | = y y + 1 3 | y cos ( 1 / y ) | = | y + 1 3 y | cos ( 1 / y ) | | = d ( y , T y ) .

Then we have

d ( T x , T y ) 2 3 max { d ( x , T x ) , d ( y , T y ) } 2 3 max { d ( x , y ) , d ( x , T x ) , d ( y , T y ) , ( d ( x , T y ) + d ( y , T x ) 2 ) } .

Define the function ψ : [ 0 , ) [ 0 , ) by ψ ( t ) = 2 t 3 , for all  t 0 and F F 1 of the form F ( t ) = k t , k > 0 and L 0 . Then we have

F ( d ( T x , T y ) ) ψ ( F ( Θ ( x , y ) ) ) + L F ( Θ ( x , y ) ) . (24)

Moreover, we can show that (24) holds if x = 0 or y = 0 . Similarly, we also get (24) holds for ( x , y ) A 2 × A 1 .

Now, all the conditions of Theorem 2.1 are satisfied (with p = 2 ), we deduce that T has a unique fixed point x A 1 A 2 = { 0 } .

### 3 An application to an integral equation

In this section, we apply the result given by Theorem 2.1 to study the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a class of nonlinear integral equations.

We consider the nonlinear integral equation

u ( t ) = 0 T G ( t , s ) f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s for all  t [ 0 , T ] , (25)

where T > 0 , f : [ 0 , T ] × R R and G : [ 0 , T ] × [ 0 , T ] [ 0 , ) are continuous functions.

Let X = C ( [ 0 , T ] ) be the set of real continuous functions on [ 0 , T ] . We endow X with the standard metric

d ( u , v ) = max t [ 0 , T ] | u ( t ) v ( t ) | for all  u , v X .

It is well known that ( X , d ) is a complete metric space.

Let ( α , β ) X 2 , ( α 0 , β 0 ) R 2 such that

α 0 α ( t ) β ( t ) β 0 for all  t [ 0 , T ] . (26)

We suppose that for all t [ 0 , T ] , we have

α ( t ) 0 T G ( t , s ) f ( s , β ( s ) ) d s (27)

and

β ( t ) 0 T G ( t , s ) f ( s , α ( s ) ) d s . (28)

We suppose that for all s [ 0 , T ] , f ( s , ) is a decreasing function, that is,

x , y R , x y f ( s , x ) f ( s , y ) . (29)

We suppose that

sup t [ 0 , T ] 0 T G ( t , s ) d s 1 . (30)

Finally, we suppose that, for all s [ 0 , T ] , for all x , y R with ( x β 0 and y α 0 ) or ( x α 0 and y β 0 ),

| f ( s , x ) f ( s , y ) | ψ ( max { | x y | , | x T x | , | y T y | , | x T y | + | y T x | 2 } ) + L min { | x T x | , | y T y | , | x T y | , | y T x | } , (31)

where ψ : [ 0 , ) [ 0 , ) is a nondecreasing function that belongs to Ψ 1 and L 0 .

Now, define the set

C = { u C ( [ 0 , T ] ) : α u ( t ) β  for all  t [ 0 , T ] } .

We have the following result.

Theorem 3.1Under the assumptions (26)-(31), problem (25) has one and only one solution u C .

Proof Define the closed subsets of X, A 1 and A 2 , by

A 1 = { u X : u β }

and

A 2 = { u X : u α } .

Define the mapping T : X X by

T u ( t ) = 0 T G ( t , s ) f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s  for all  t [ 0 , T ] .

We shall prove that

T ( A 1 ) A 2 and T ( A 2 ) A 1 . (32)

Let u A 1 , that is,

u ( s ) β ( s ) for all  s [ 0 , T ] .

Using condition (29), since G ( t , s ) 0 for all t , s [ 0 , T ] , we obtain that

G ( t , s ) f ( s , u ( s ) ) G ( t , s ) f ( s , β ( s ) ) for all  t , s [ 0 , T ] .

The above inequality with condition (27) implies that

0 T G ( t , s ) f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s 0 T G ( t , s ) f ( s , β ( s ) ) d s α ( t )

for all t [ 0 , T ] . Then we have T u A 2 .

Similarly, let u A 2 , that is,

u ( s ) α ( s ) for all  s [ 0 , T ] .

Using condition (29), since G ( t , s ) 0 for all t , s [ 0 , T ] , we obtain that

G ( t , s ) f ( s , u ( s ) ) G ( t , s ) f ( s , α ( s ) ) for all  t , s [ 0 , T ] .

The above inequality with condition (28) implies that

0 T G ( t , s ) f ( s , u ( s ) ) d s 0 T G ( t , s ) f ( s , α ( s ) ) d s β ( t )

for all t [ 0 , T ] . Then we have T u A 1 . Finally, we deduce that (32) holds.

Now, let ( u , v ) A 1 × A 2 , that is, for all t [ 0 , T ] ,

u ( t ) β ( t ) , v ( t ) α ( t ) .

This implies, from condition (26), that for all t [ 0 , T ] ,

u ( t ) β 0 , v ( t ) α 0 .

Now, using conditions (30) and (31), we can write that for all t [ 0 , T ] , we have

This implies that

F ( d ( T u , T v ) ) ψ ( F ( Θ ( u , v ) ) ) + L F ( Θ 1 ( u , v ) ) ,

where F F 1 of the form F ( t ) = t . Using the same technique, we can show that the above inequality holds also if we take ( u , v ) A 2 × A 1 .

Now, all the conditions of Theorem 2.1 are satisfied (with p = 2 ), we deduce that T has a unique fixed point u A 1 A 2 = C , that is, u C is the unique solution to (25). □

### Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

### Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

### Acknowledgements

The second author would like to thank the Research Professional Development Project under the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST). Moreover, the third author was supported by the Commission on Higher Education (CHE), the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) and the King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) (Grant No. MRG5580213).

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