Common coupled coincidence and coupled fixed point results in two generalized metric spaces

In this article, we prove the existence of common coupled coincidence and coupled fixed point of generalized contractive type mappings in the context of two generalized metric spaces. These results generalize several comparable results from the current literature. We also provide illustrative examples in support of our new results.

2000 MSC: 47H10.

The study of common fixed points of mappings satisfying certain contractive conditions has been at the center of rigorous research activity [1-5]. Mustafa and Sims [4] generalized the concept of a metric space and call it a generalized metric space. Based on the notion of generalized metric spaces, Mustafa et al. [5-9] obtained some fixed point theorems for mappings satisfying different contractive conditions. Abbas and Rhoades [10] initiated the study of common fixed point theory in generalized metric spaces (see also [11]). Saadati et al. [12] proved some fixed point results for contractive mappings in partially ordered G-metric spaces. Abbas et al. [13] obtained some periodic point results in generalized metric spaces. Shatanawi [14] obtained some fixed point results for contractive mappings satisfying Φ-maps in G-metric spaces (see also [15]).

Bhashkar and Lakshmikantham [16] introduced the concept of a coupled fixed point of a mapping F : X × X → X (a nonempty set) and established some coupled fixed point theorems in partially ordered complete metric spaces. Later, Lakshmikantham and Ćirić [3] proved coupled coincidence and coupled common fixed point results for nonlinear mappings F : X × X → X and g : X → X satisfying certain contractive conditions in partially ordered complete metric spaces. Recently, Abbas et al. [17] obtained some coupled common fixed point results in two generalized metric spaces. Choudhury and Maity [18] also proved the existence of coupled fixed points in generalized metric spaces. Recently, Aydi et al. [19] generalized the results of Choudhury and Maity [18]. For other works on G-metric spaces, we refer the reader to [20,21].

The aim of this article is to prove some common coupled coincidence and coupled fixed points results for mappings defined on a set equipped with two generalized metrics. It is worth mentioning that our results do not rely on continuity of mappings involved therein. Our results extend and unify various comparable results in [17,22,23].

Consistent with Mustafa and Sims [4], the following definitions and results will be needed in the sequel.

Definition 1.1. Let X be a nonempty set. Suppose that a mapping G : X × X × X → R⁺ satisfies:

(a) G(x, y, z) = 0 if x = y = z;

(b) 0 < G(x, y, z) for all x, y ∈ X, with x ≠ y;

(c) G(x, x, y) ≤ G(x, y, z) for all x, y, z ∈ X, with y ≠ z;

(d) G(x, y, z) = G(x, z, y) = G(y, z, x) = ... (symmetry in all three variables); and

(e) G(x, y, z) ≤ G(x, a, a) + G(a, y, z) for all x, y, z, a ∈ X.

Then, G is called a G-metric on X and (X, G) is called a G-metric space.

Definition 1.2. A sequence {x_n} in a G-metric space X is:

(i) a G-Cauchy sequence if, for any ε > 0, there is an n₀ ∈ N (the set of natural numbers) such that for all n, m, l ≥ n₀, G(x_n, x_m, x_l) < ε,

(ii) a G-convergent sequence if, for any ε > 0, there is an x ∈ X and an n₀ ∈ N, such that for all n, m ≥ n₀, G(x, x_n, x_m) < ε.

A G-metric space on X is said to be G-complete if every G-Cauchy sequence in X is G-convergent in X. It is known that {x_n} G-converges to x ∈ X if and only if G(x_m, x_n, x) → 0 as n, m → ∞ [4].

Proposition 1.3. [4] Let X be a G-metric space. Then, the following are equivalent:

1. {x_n} is G-convergent to x.

2. G(x_n, x_n, x) → 0 as n → ∞.

3. G(x_n, x, x) → 0 as n → ∞.

4. G(x_n, x_m, x) → 0 as n, m → ∞.

Definition 1.4. [16] An element (x, y) ∈ X × X is called:

(C₁) a coupled fixed point of mapping T : X × X → X if x = T (x, y) and y = T (y, x);

(C₂) a coupled coincidence point of mappings T : X × X → X and f : X → X if f(x) = T(x,y) and f(y) = T(y,x), and in this case (fx,fy) is called coupled point of coincidence;

(C₃) a common coupled fixed point of mappings T : X × X → X and f : X → X if x = f(x) = T(x, y) and y = f(y) = T(y, x).

Definition 1.5. An element (x, y) ∈ X × X is called:

(CC₁) a common coupled coincidence point of the mappings T, S : X × X → X and f : X → X if T(x, y) = S(x, y) = fx and T(y, x) = S(y, x) = fy, and in this case (fx, fy) is called a common coupled point of coincidence;

(CC₂) a common coupled fixed point of mappings T, S : X × X → X and f :

Definition 1.6. [22] Mappings T : X × X → X and f : X → X are called

(W₁) w-compatible if f(T(x, y)) = T(fx,fy) whenever f(x) = T(x,y) and f(y) = T(y, x);

(W₂) w*-compatible if f(T(x,x)) = T(fx, fx) whenever f(x) = T(x,x).

We extend some recent results of Abbas et al. [17,22] and Sabetghadam [23] to the setting of two generalized metric spaces.

Theorem 2.1. Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x,y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z) for all x, y, z ∈ X, S,T : X × X → X, and f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v, s, t ∈ X, where a_i ≥ 0, for i = 1, 2,..., 6 and a₁ + a₄ + a₅ + 2(a₂ + a₃ + a₆) < 1. If S(X × X) ⊆ f(X), T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then S, T, and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if S or T is w* -compatible with f, then f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

Proof. As S, T, and f satisfy condition (2.1), so for all x, y, u, v ∈ X, we have

Let x₀,y₀ ∈ X. We choose x₁,y₁ ∈ X such that fx₁ = S(x₀, y₀) and fy₁ = S(y₀, x₀), this can be done in view of S(X × X) ⊆ f(X). Similarly, we can choose x₂,y₂ ∈ X such that fx₂ = T(x₁, y₁) and fy₂ = T(y₁,x₁) since T(X × X) ⊆ f(X). Continuing this process, we construct two sequences {x_n} and {y_n} in X such that

and

From (2.2), we have

which implies that

Similarly, we obtain

Now, from (2.5) and (2.6), we obtain

where . Obviously, 0 ≤ λ < 1.

In a similar way, we obtain

Thus, for all n ≥ 0,

Repetition of above process n times gives

For any m > n ≥ 1, repeated use of property (e) of G-metric gives

and so G₁(fx_n,fx_m, fx_m) + G₁(fy_n, fy_m, fy_m) → 0 as n, m → ∞. Hence, {fx_n} and {fy_n} are G₁-Cauchy sequences in f(X). By G₁-completeness of f(X), there exists fx, fy ∈ f(X) such that {fx_n} and {fy_n} converge to fx and fy, respectively.

Now, we prove that S(x,y) = fx and T(y,x) = fy. Using (2.2), we have

which further implies that

Taking limit as n → ∞, we have

As , so we have G₁(fx, T(x, y), T (x, y)) = 0, and T (x, y) = fx.

Again from (2.2), we have

That is G₁(S(x,y), fx, fx) = 0, and S(x,y) = fx. Thus, T(x,y) = S(x,y) = fx. Similarly, it can be shown that T(y, x) = S(y, x) = fy. Thus, (fx, fy) is a coupled point of coincidence of mappings f, S, and T.

To show that fx = fy, we proceed as follows: Note that

Taking limit as n → ∞, we obtain

This implies that

In the similar way, we can show that

Since , from (2.7) and (2.8), we must have G₁(fx, fy, fy) = 0. So that fx = fy. Thus, (fx, fx) is a coupled point of coincidence of mappings f, S and T. Now, if there is another x* ∈ X such that (fx*,fx*) is a coupled point of coincidence of mappings f, S, and T, then

implies that G₁(fx,fx*,fx*) = 0 and so fx* = fx. Hence, (fx, fx) is a unique coupled point of coincidence of mappings f, S, and T.

Now, we show that f, S, and T have common coupled fixed point.

For this, let f(x) = u. Then, we have u = fx = T(x, x). By w*-compatibility of f and T, we have

Then, (fu, fu) is a coupled point of coincidence of f, S, and T. By the uniqueness of coupled point of coincidence, we have fu = fx. Therefore, (u, u) is the common coupled fixed point of f, S, and T.

To prove the uniqueness, let v ∈ X with u ≠ v such that (v, v) is the common coupled fixed point of f, S, and T. Then, using (2.2),

Since a₁ + a₄ + a₅ + a₆ < 1, so that G₁(u, v, v) = 0 and u = u*. Thus, f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

In Theorem 2.1, take S = T, to obtain Theorem 2.1 of Abbas et al. [22] as the following corollary.

Corollary 2.2. Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X, T : X × X → X, and f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v, s, t ∈ X, where a_i ≥ 0, for i = 1, 2,..., 6 and a₁ + a₄ + a₅ + 2(a₂+a₃ + a₆) < 1. If T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then T and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if T is w*-compatible with f, then T and f have a unique common coupled fixed point.

In Theorem 2.1, take s = u and t = v, to obtain the following corollary which extends and generalizes the corresponding results of [17,22,23].

Corollary 2.3 Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X, S, T :X × X → X, and f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v ∈ X, where a_i ≥ 0, for i = 1, 2,..., 6 and a₁ + a₄ + a₅ + 2(a₂ + a₃ + a₆) < 1. If S(X × X) ⊆ f(X), T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then S, T, and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if S or T is w*-compatible with f, then f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

Example 2.4. Let X = 0,1, G-metrics G₁ and G₂ on X be given as (in [22]):

Define S, T : X × X → X and f : X → X as

For x, y, u, v ∈ X, we have

Thus, (2.10) is satisfied with a₁ = a₂ = a₃ = a₄ = a₅ = 0 and , where a₁ + a₂ + a₃ + a₄ + a₅ + a₆ < 1. It is obvious to note that S is w*-compatible with f. Hence, all the conditions of Corollary 2.4 are satisfied. Moreover, (0, 0) is the unique common coupled fixed point of S, T, and f.

If we take α = a₁, β = a₄, γ = a₅, and a₂ = a₃ = a₆ = 0 in Theorem 2.1, then the following corollary is obtained which extends and generalizes the comparable results of [17,22,23].

Corollary 2.5. Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X, and S, T : X × X → X, f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v, s, t ∈ X, where α, β, γ ≥ 0, and α + β + γ < 1. If S(X × X) ⊆ f(X), T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then S, T, and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if S or T is w*-compatible with f, then f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

Corollary 2.6. Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X, T : X × X → X, and f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v, s, t ∈ X, where α, β, γ ≥ 0, and α + β + γ < 1. If T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then T and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if T is w*-compatible with f, then f and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

Example 2.7. Let X = [0,1], and two G-metrics G₁, G₂ on X be given as (in [22]):

Define T : X × X → X and f : X → X as

Now, for x, y ∈ X,

Thus, (2.11) is satisfied with where α + β + γ < 1. It is obvious to note that T is w*-compatible with f. Hence, all the conditions of Corollary 2.5 are satisfied. Moreover, (0,0) is the unique common coupled fixed point of T and f.

Corollary 2.8. Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X with G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X and S,T : X × X → X, f : X → X be two mappings such that

for all x, y, u, v ∈ X, where α, β, γ ≥ 0 and α + β + γ < 1. If S(X × X) ⊆ f(X), T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then S, T, and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if S or T is w*-compatible with f, then f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

Theorem 2.9. Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X, and S, T : X × X → X, f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v, s, t ∈ X, where . If S(X × X) ⊆ f (X), T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then S, T, and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if S or T is w*-compatible with f, then f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

Proof. Let x₀, y₀ ∈ X. We choose x₁, y₁ ∈ X such that fx₁ = S(x₀, y₀) and fy₁ = S(y₀,x₀), this can be done in view of S(X × X) ⊆ f(X). Similarly, we can choose x₂, y₂ ∈ X such that fx₂ = T(x₁, y₁) and fy₂ = T(y₁,x₁) since T(X × X) ⊆ f(X). Continuing this process, we construct two sequences {x_n} and {y_n} in X such that

and

Now,

which implies that

Similarly, we can show that

Now, from (2.14) and (2.15), we obtain

In a similar way, we can obtain

Thus, for all n ≥ 0,

Since 0 ≤ 2κ < 1. Therefore, repetition of above process n times gives

For any m > n ≥ 1, repeated use of property (e) of G-metric gives

and so G₁(fx_n, fx_m, fx_m) + G₁(fy_n,fy_m,fy_m) → 0 as n, m → ∞. Hence, {fx_n} and {fy_n} are G₁-Cauchy sequences in f(X). By G₁-completeness of f(X), there exists fx, fy ∈ f(X) such that {fx_n} and {fy_n} converges to fx and fy, respectively.

Now, we prove that S(x,y) = fx and T(y,x) = fy. Using (2.13), we have

Taking limit as n → ∞, implies that G₁(fx, T(x, y), T(x, y)) = 0, and T(x, y) = fx.

Also, further from (2.13), we have

that is G₁(S(x, y), fx, fx) = 0, and S(x, y) = fx. Thus, T(x, y) = S(x, y) = fx. Similarly, it can be shown that T(y, x) = S(y, x) = fy. Thus, (fx, fy) is coupled point of coincidence of mappings f, S, and T.

Now, we shall show that fx = fy. So that

On taking the limit as n → ∞, we obtain that

In the similar way, we can show that

From (2.16) and (2.17), we must have G₁(fx, fy, fy) = 0 which implies that fx = fy. Thus, (fx, fx) is a coupled point of coincidence of mappings f, S, and T. Now, if there is another x* ∈ X such that (fx*,fx*) is a coupled point of coincidence of mappings f, S, and T, then

implies that G₁(fx, fx*, fx*) = 0 and so fx* = fx. Hence, (fx, fx) is a unique coupled point of coincidence of mappings f, S, and T.

Now, we show that f, S, and T have common coupled fixed point.

For this, let f(x) = u. Then, we have u = fx = T(x, x). By w*-compatibility of f and T, we have

That is, (fu, fu) is a coupled point of coincidence of f, S, and T. By the uniqueness of coupled point of coincidence, we have fu = fx. Therefore, (u, u) is the common coupled fixed point of f, S, and T.

To prove the uniqueness, we proceed as follows: let v ∈ X with u ≠ v such that (v, v) is the common coupled fixed point of f, S and T. Using (2.13), we have

so that G₁(u, v, v) = 0 and u = u*. Thus, f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

In Theorem 2.9, take S = T, to obtain the following Theorem 2.6 of [22].

Corollary 2.10. Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X, T : X × X → X, and f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v, s, t ∈ X, where . If T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then T and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if T is w*-compatible with f, then T and f have a unique common coupled fixed point.

In Theorem 2.9, take s = u and t = v, to obtain the following corollary which extends and generalizes the corresponding results of [17,22,23].

Corollary 2.11 Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X, S, T : X × X → X, and f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v ∈ X, where . If S(X × X) ⊆ f(X), T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then S, T, and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if S or T is w*-compatible with f, then f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

Corollary 2.12. Let G₁ and G₂ be two G-metrics on X such that G₂(x, y, z) ≤ G₁(x, y, z), for all x, y, z ∈ X, S, T : X × X → X, and f : X → X be mappings satisfying

for all x, y, u, v, s, t ∈ X, where 0 ≤ h < 1. If S(X × X) ⊆ f(X), T(X × X) ⊆ f(X), f(X) is G₁-complete subset of X, then S, T, and f have a unique common coupled coincidence point. Moreover, if S or T is w*-compatible with f, then f, S, and T have a unique common coupled fixed point.

Remark 2.13. By the equivalence of some metrics and cone metric fixed point results in [24]:

(a) Theorem 2.1 can be viewed as an extension and generalization of (i) Theorem 2.2, Corollary 2.3, Theorem 2.6, Corollary 2.7 and Corollary 2.8 in [23], (ii) Theorem 2.1, Corollary 2.2, Corollary 2.5 and Corollary 2.5 in [22], (iii) Theorem 2.4 and Corollary 2.5 in [17].

(b) Theorem 2.9 is a generalization and improvement of (i) Theorem 2.2 and Corollary 2.3 in [23], Theorem 2.6, Corollary 2.7 and Corollary 2.8 in [22].

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

The authors thank the referees for their appreciation and suggestions regarding this study.

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